5 111 15

#bonding atoms' wavefunction in phase
correlation diagram correlation between atomic and moleculer levels
hybridization ... interfereces between wavefunctions of one atom.
！角度もエクスポネンシャルと同様に直感的に把握しにくい<-109.6°、107°と90°の差など
！実は数字自体も把握しにくい。そこでC12化が有効。パイグラフの面積比/棒グラフの長さ比？

Lec 15 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005

UCB chem1a 14

K${}_{SP}$ = [*(aq)] / [*(s)==const] = [*(aq)] Soluability Products
Solubility 's' K${}_{SP} = s^2$
PbI${}_2$(s)$\frac{right}{left} Pb${}^{2+} + 2$I${}^-$
s 2s
K${}_{SP} = s (2s)^2 = 4 s^3$

5 111 14

antibonding orbital $\sigma_{1s}^*$ "correlation diagram"
electron configuration H${}_2 (\sigma_{1s})^2(\sigma_{1s}^*)^0$
"Bond order" $\frac{1}{2}(# of bonding e^- - # of antibonding e^-)$ '1' single bond '2' double bond
isolated 's,p' orbitals bonding '$\sigma,\pi$ orbitals
Z 7->7 energy level order between $\sigma$ and $\pi$ flips

Lec 14 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005

ucb chem1a 13

Co${}^{2+}$(aq) + 4Cl${}^-$(aq)  -> CoCl${}_4^{2-}$(aq)
I   0.050M  6.0M
C       -x      -4x      x
E 0.05-x    6-4x      x
"ICE table method"
N${}_2$O${}_4 + heat \rightlefthapoons 2$NO${}_2$ 熱を加えると熱を減らす方向に反応が進む。熱もreactantのように扱える。

5 111 13

NO${}_3^-$ doulbe-bonds stronger&shorter than single-bonds.
Exceptions to octet-rule(90%)
1. odd# of valence electrons.  ex.  CH${}_3\cdot$ methyl radical
2. (less than 8) group 13 B Ga Al  ex. BF${}_3$ needs 32  have 24 bondingelectrons 8 B${}^[-]$ -> B${}^[0]$ not like NO${}_3^-$
3. (more than 8) valence share expantion (expanded shell; has d-shell to accomodate more than 8 electrons)  Ex1.  PCl${}_5$ phosphorus pentachloride needs 48  have 40 bondingpair 4  Ex2. Iodine tetrafluoride IF${}_4^-$ needs 40 have 35+1 bondingelectron 4

Ionic bonds.  Sodium Chloride IE-IA is equal to elecronic forces around 10A(ngstrom)
IE Ionization Energy.   EA Electron Affinity

Lec 13 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005

UCB chem1a 8-11

L8
(alcohol) -ol namely -> -OH chemically
methanol(1)ethernol(2)propernol(3)
L9
(aq)(s)科学反応式中に使うと実際の状態のイメージがつかみやすい。
(g) H2O(l) H-NO# Nitric acid, X-NO3 X-nitrate
反応矢印の上の△印はHeatするの意味
L10
1 Farrady = 1 mole of electrons
peroxides
L11
"Bromothymol Blue"

ucb chem1a 12

"polyatomic anion"
Iron and Ion sounds
K ... "[products] over [reactants][reactants]"