syouryou

漢字の基本的な点画のオンライン講座
syouryou

ucb chem1a 17

(l)(aq)のとき(l)つまり[H${}_2$O]はKに表われない。
water is "amphiprotic" accept and donate H${}^+$(proton)
-14 = K${}_W$ = K${}_A \times$  K${}_B$

5 111 18

G${}_{f0}$"free energy of formation" stability metric "thermodynamically stable relative to decomposition to elements" 0 for molecule stable at STP. Bromine diamonds >0 graphie oxygen =0
thermodynamic stability,kinetic stability (stability) <=> labile<->nonlabile(rate)
$\Delta$H<0 exothermic.  $\Delta$G${}_0$と温度の関係は$\Delta$G${}_0$-Tのグラフで$\Delta$Hがintercept、entropyが-slopeであることから図的に考える。
$\Delta$G = $\Delta$G${}_0$+RT$\ln$(Q) ratio ... reaction quotient "Q" Q funtion (P) instantaneous partial pressure of reactants
$\Delta$G = 0 ... equilibrium (notice not $\Delta$G${}_0$ then Q becomes K
$\Delta$G = RT$\ln(\frac{Q}{K})$

Lec 18 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005

UCB chem1a 16

acidity = degree of dissociation $\times$ concentration

5 111 17

$\Delta$H bond enthalpy $\Delta$H$=\Delta$E$+\Delta$PV $\Delta$E bond energy (s)(l)とほぼ同じ。(g)でも1-2%の差。実験的に$\Delta$Hの方が測定しやすいし、表(average$\Delta$H$ for particular bonds)になっているのもこちら。
$\Delta$H needs "standard state" $\Delta$H${}^0$
化学反応式の左右(reactantsとproducts)にそれぞれEntalpy(state function;independent of path)がある。比較して減るのがendothermic、増えるのがexothermic
$\Delta$H${}^0_f$ "heat of formation" ... one mole from 'most stable state at standard state'
spontaneity $\Delta$G = $\Delta$H $-$ T$\Delta$S

Lec 17 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005

UCB chem1a 15

"The common Ion effect" K${}_{SP} = 8.7\times10^{-9} = (s)(2s+0.0667)^2\approx(s)(0.0667)^2 \rightarrow s = 2.0\times10^-6$M

5 111 16

"double bond" always $\sigma + \pi$ ! "antiorbital" sin-ness and cos-ness of wave 'coexitst's
z-axis ... always bond-axis by convention $sp^3$ 3-dimensional $sp^2$ 2-dim $sp$ 1-dim
CH${}_3^+$ Methyl group (terminal)
methyl nitrate CH${}_3$NO${}_3$ #"resonance structure" complementary structure?
C-H $\sigma$(C$2sp^3$ - H$1s$) ボンドの構成の表し方  "registry"

Lec 16 | MIT 5.111 Principles of Chemical Science, Fall 2005